Icon, Likeness, Likely Story, Likelihood, Probability • 1

Here’s a likely locus classicus for “icon” in its logical sense —

A probability (εικος) is not the same as a sign (σηµειον).  The former is a generally accepted premiss;  for that which people know to happen or not to happen, or to be or not to be, usually in a particular way, is a probability:  e.g., that the envious are malevolent or that those who are loved are affectionate.  A sign, however, means a demonstrative premiss which is necessary or generally accepted.  That which coexists with something else, or before or after whose happening something else has happened, is a sign of that something’s having happened or being.  (Aristotle, Prior Analytics, 2.27.70a3–10).

Reference

• Aristotle, “Prior Analytics”, Hugh Tredennick (trans.), pp. 181–531 in Aristotle, Volume 1, Loeb Classical Library, William Heinemann, London, UK, 1938.

Resource

• Theme One Program • User Guide • Appendix A

Related Discussion

• Peirce List • Benjamin Udell • Michael Shapiro

Environmental Structure and Planetary Semiosis:
From the Great Oxidation Event to the Anthropocene
https://zenodo.org/records/20257226

#nature #anthropocene #ecology #semiotics #environment

https://www.theguardian.com/education/2026/apr/23/malcolm-budd-obituary?CMP=share_btn_url

I see that the philosopher Malcolm Budd has died recently.

Funnily enough, I have just been reading his 1985 "Music and the Emotions", which attracted my attention because of its chapter on Susanne Langer's theory of music outlined in "Philosophy in a New Key".

I'm less convinced than is the obituarist that Budd "demolished" Langer's claims; although he raises important questions, I think someone sympathetic to Langer's approach can modify and develop her theory so as to meet the objections Budd raises. I need, though, to think and read more about the arguments regarding music and the emotions.

One of the larger problems of "Music and the Emotions" is its inadequate account of the phenomenology or the "what it's likeness" of emotions, moods, and feelings. This inadequacy is related, I suspect, to his limiting the possible content of thought to the propositional:

>> ...there is no thought which has a content which cannot be represented in language, there is no difficulty in principle of characterising precisely the particular nature of a feeling. << (112-113)

This limit seems mistaken to me, and Langer's distinction between discursive and presentational symbols cannot simply be ruled out by fiat.

I wonder whether the analytic tradition of philosophy within which Budd worked constricted his thinking about the phenomenology of the emotions and nonpropositional semiotics.

#Philosophy #MalcolmBudd #MusicAndTheEmotions #Aesthetics #SuzanneLanger #Semiotics

Die folgende Arbeit entwickelt den borromäischen Knoten als Denkfigur für ein rotierendes Zusammenspiel von drei Registern in einer selbstreflexiven, dreiwertigen, paradoxen Logik mit drei involutiven Negationsoperatoren.

#psychology #lacan #polykontextualitat #polykontextural #logic #reflection #philosophy #ai #ki #paradox #Paradoxien #logik #semiotik #semiotic #semiotics #cybernetics #kybernetik #semioticsystem #cybernetic #kybernetiker #kybernethik

https://infosophia.eu/Borromaeische-Logik.pdf

Language Learning And Logical Modeling —

Wrote my first “Language Learning Module”, strictly speaking, a two‑level formal language learner, back in the 80s and it pretty much told me what every conceivable upscale of that ilk would be like. But it did not cross the threshold of logical reasoning, so I used Peirce's logical graphs for that. Et sic deinceps …

#Peirce #Logic #Mathematics #Semiotics #LogicalGraphs
#LanguageLearningAlgorithm #LogicalModelingAlgorithm

Show HN: Meaning forks. SRT sees it
SRT(Semiotic-Reflexive Transformer)는 기존의 동결된 인과 언어 모델에 경량의 반사적 의미 인식 모듈을 추가하는 어댑터 아키텍처이다. 이 모듈들은 의미의 분기점을 감지하고, 모델이 자신의 의미 처리 과정을 반성적으로 인지하며, 필요시 의미적 수정을 주입한다. 7B 규모의 백본 모델은 완전히 고정되고, 약 1,460만 개의 파라미터만 학습되어 빠른 훈련이 가능하며, 다양한 백본 모델에 적용할 수 있다. SRT는 C.S. 퍼스의 기호학 이론에 기반하여, 단어가 서로 다른 커뮤니티에서 다르게 해석되는 현상을 모델이 인지하도록 설계되었다.

https://github.com/space-bacon/SRT

#transformer #adapter #languagemodel #semiotics #nlp

Animated Logical Graphs • 2
• https://inquiryintoinquiry.com/2015/01/14/animated-logical-graphs-2/

It's almost 50 years now since I first encountered the volumes of Peirce's “Collected Papers” in the math library at Michigan State, and shortly afterwards a friend called my attention to the entry for Spencer Brown's “Laws of Form” in the Whole Earth Catalog and I sent off for it right away. I would spend the next decade just beginning to figure out what either one of them was talking about in the matter of logical graphs and I would spend another decade after that developing a program, first in Lisp and then in Pascal, that turned graph‑theoretic data structures formed on their ideas to good purpose as the basis of its reasoning engine.

I thought it might contribute to a number of long‑running and ongoing discussions if I could articulate what I think I learned from that experience.

So I'll try to keep focused on that.

Resources —

Logical Graphs • First Impressions
• https://inquiryintoinquiry.com/2024/08/26/logical-graphs-first-impressions-a/

Logical Graphs • Formal Development
• https://inquiryintoinquiry.com/2024/09/12/logical-graphs-formal-development-b/

Survey of Animated Logical Graphs
• https://inquiryintoinquiry.com/2025/05/02/survey-of-animated-logical-graphs-8/

#Peirce #Logic #Mathematics #Semiotics #LogicalGraphs #GraphTheory
#SpencerBrown #LawsOfForm #PropositionalCalculus #ProofAnimations

Animated Logical Graphs • 1
• https://inquiryintoinquiry.com/2015/01/08/animated-logical-graphs-1/

For Your Musement …

Here are some animations I made up to illustrate several different styles of proof in an extended topological variant of Peirce's Alpha Graphs for propositional logic.

Proof Animations
• https://oeis.org/wiki/User:Jon_Awbrey/ANIMATION#Proof_Animations

Double Negation
• https://inquiryintoinquiry.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/proof-animation-e280a2-double-negation-2.0.gif

Peirce's Law
• https://inquiryintoinquiry.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/proof-animation-e280a2-peirces-law-2.0.gif

Praeclarum Theorema
• https://inquiryintoinquiry.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/proof-animation-e280a2-praeclarum-theorema-2.0.gif

Two‑Thirds Majority Function
• https://inquiryintoinquiry.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/proof-animation-e280a2-two-thirds-majority-function-2.0.gif

A full discussion of logical graphs can be found in the following article.

Logical Graphs
• https://oeis.org/wiki/Logical_Graphs

Resources —

Logical Graphs • First Impressions
• https://inquiryintoinquiry.com/2024/08/26/logical-graphs-first-impressions-a/

Logical Graphs • Formal Development
• https://inquiryintoinquiry.com/2024/09/12/logical-graphs-formal-development-b/

Survey of Animated Logical Graphs
• https://inquiryintoinquiry.com/2025/05/02/survey-of-animated-logical-graphs-8/

cc: https://www.academia.edu/community/ldzadj
cc: https://mathstodon.xyz/@Inquiry/116494097283214718
cc: https://www.researchgate.net/post/Animated_Logical_Graphs
cc: https://stream.syscoi.com/2026/04/30/animated-logical-graphs-1/
cc: https://groups.io/g/lawsofform/topic/animated_logical_graphs/119049814

#Peirce #Logic #Mathematics #Semiotics #LogicalGraphs #GraphTheory
#SpencerBrown #LawsOfForm #PropositionalCalculus #ProofAnimations

Animated Logical Graphs • 1
• https://inquiryintoinquiry.com/2015/01/08/animated-logical-graphs-1/

For Your Musement …

Here are some animations I made up to illustrate several different styles of proof in an extended topological variant of Peirce’s Alpha Graphs for propositional logic.

Proof Animations
• https://oeis.org/wiki/User:Jon_Awbrey/ANIMATION#Proof_Animations

See the following article for a full discussion of this type of logical graph.

Logical Graphs
• https://oeis.org/wiki/Logical_Graphs

Additional Resources —

Logical Graphs • First Impressions
• https://inquiryintoinquiry.com/2024/08/26/logical-graphs-first-impressions-a/

Logical Graphs • Formal Development
• https://inquiryintoinquiry.com/2024/09/12/logical-graphs-formal-development-b/

#Peirce #Logic #Mathematics #Semiotics #LogicalGraphs #GraphTheory
#SpencerBrown #LawsOfForm #PropositionalCalculus #ProofAnimations