It was just a few hours before the rains came and flooded the Bonneville lakebed at Speed Week 2022 and I was photographing Lucky Burton’s beautiful #523 LSR. As I was photographing one single fluffy cloud separated from the rest and hovered over the car for just a few moments. I tapped the shutter and thanked the photo gods for their blessing.
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Full story at Hot Rod Magazine online at https://www.motortrend.com/features/land-speed-racing-1931-ford-coupe/
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Electric Land Speed Racing Can Be Lightning Fast

Land speed racing is a pursuit of ultimate speed above all else. Most cars typically run on huge, flat salt pans, and racers run flat out for miles in a straight line, attempting to push their machines to the limit. Like most motorsports, the history of land speed racing has traditionally been centred around internal combustion, but electric racers have long been out there chasing land speed records as well.

The Need For Speed

At the most famous land speed trials, such as Bonneville's Speed Week, speed runs take place over miles and miles of open salt, with timing traps along the way to determine competitor's speeds. These tracks are long enough that acceleration is of little concern, which is of great benefit to electric runners. Additionally, only one or two runs is required to set a record. This means that heavy batteries aren't always needed, as the distance a competitor must travel is short, and even if the batteries are heavy, it doesn't excessively affect top speed.

With an eye to that, land speed competitors in electric classes are typically classified into weight classes. This is due to the fact that bigger, heavier battery packs can deliver more current, and thus potentially have a performance advantage over lighter vehicles. Thus, typical classes run by most salt flats competitions involve the E1 class, which allows for vehicles under 1100 lbs, the E2 class, for vehicles up to 2200 lbs, and the E3 class, which is for anything 2200 lbs and above. The FIA also publish their own set of classes, again separated by weight, though to a much more granular degree.

Procedures for setting records vary depending on the venue and the record in question. Local records at salt venues like El Mirage can typically be broken with a single run faster than the standing record, while Bonneville Speed Week competitors must set a higher average speed across two runs on two consecutive days. FIA records differ again, and are perhaps the most stringent, requiring competitors to set a faster average across two runs in opposite directions, set within an hour of each other, to attempt to minimise the effect of wind on the result. Things can sometimes get confusing, as many FIA records, for example, are set at the Bonneville salt flats, but not actually in Speed Week competition or by Speed Week rules.

The Autolite Lead Wedge is one of the first electric land speed racers of the modern era, with its accomplishment still listed in the FIA's record books.

Unlike more traditional land speed racing classes, electric vehicles typically run in an "unlimited" body class, where anything goes. This is due to the fact that in the early days when rulesets were being figured out, there simply were no "production" electric cars to compete. Thus, the classes have by and large always been open to any and all body designs, with the vast majority of record breakers adopting rail-like streamliner chassis designs.

History

The stories of land speed racing attempts are weaved over many years, as projects coalesce to take on a highly specific record, best it, and move on. Records can stand for decades, before they're unearthed by a new generation, who spawn a new build and push the record ever higher. Electric land speed records are no different, often standing for long periods of time before tumbling in the face of new teams with new technology.

The Lola-Drayson B12/69EV is a former Le Mans car turned land speed racer, which set the current 500 kg -1000 kg EV land speed record back in 2013.

The Autolite Lead Wedge, recently for sale by its owner, is a great example of an early entry to the world of electric land speed racing. In 1968, with Jerry Kugel tucked in under the fibreglass canopy, it set a record of 138.862 mph over a mile to claim the FIA record. It was built in part to promote the new line of Autolite lead-acid car batteries, 20 of which were used to propel it across the Bonneville salt flats.

The Venturi Buckeye Bullet 3 holds the title as the fastest EV over a mile in any weight class in the FIA record books.

Amazingly, in the FIA's 500 kg to 1000 kg weight class for electric competitors, it's only been beaten twice since. In FIA records maintained online, the record next fell in 1974, to a car by the name of Battery Box, powered by a General Electric forklift motor and around 30 lead acid batteries, depending on the run. In a two-way average, it bumped the record to 174.981 mph over a mile. The record was then to stand for another 39 years, beaten by Lord Drayson in the Drayson B12/69EV in 2013 at RAF Elvington. The modified former Le Mans car, equipped with modern lithium-ion cells and axial-flux motors, clinched the record with a FIA confirmed speed of 205.139 mph. At the absolute top end of performance, however, stands the Venturi Buckeye Bullet 3. Running in the heavier weight class for vehicles between 3500 kg and 4000 kg, it set a scorching speed of 341.264 mph over a mile, eclipsing top speeds set by vehicles in lower classes.

The EV West Electraliner snatched the E2 class speed record at Bonneville last year.

Records at salt racing events like Speed Week tend to attract more regular competition. Events run every year and don't require competitors to arrange their own timing equipment, and records are verified by the volunteer associations that run the events themselves. They also have the benefit of allowing competitors plenty of time to prepare between runs - unlike the FIA's one hour time restriction, which can be punishing for electric vehicles that need to swap or recharge batteries. The Southern California Timing Association maintains these records, with their classes and rulesets adhered to by salt racers the world over. Currently, the BYU Streamliner has held the E1 weight class record at 204.893 mph since 2014, while last year saw the EV West Electraliner take the E2 class record at 229.363 mph. Meanwhile, the heaviest E3 class has been held by the Buckeye Bullet since 2004 with a speed of 314.958 mph - the predecessor to the vehicle currently holding the FIA outright EV speed record. Unlike more modern entries, the original Buckeye Bullet set its record using nickel metal hydride batteries.

Conclusion

Like any land speed record attempt, success in the electric realm requires good engineering, careful planning, and here and there, a dose of luck. Poor conditions and equipment failures have scuppered many a land speed racer's shot at glory, and it can and will happen again. If you decide you need to take a tilt at entering the history books, take a gander at our in-depth primer to the sport. And, most of all, good luck!

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How To Get Into Cars: Land Speed Racing

Land speed racing is one of the oldest forms of motorsport, and quite literally consists of going very, very fast in (ideally) a straight line. The higher the speed your car can attain, the better! It's about the pure pursuit of top speed above all else, and building a car to compete is a calling for a dedicated few. If you'd like to join them, here's how to go about it.

Faster, Faster, Faster!

A great example of the "36HP" Volkswagen class, which challenges competitors to set land speed records using only classic VW engines, with categories for various levels of modification. Note the aero wheels and raked stance. Credit: Utah Salt Flats Racing Association

While taking the outright land speed record typically requires a jet-engined sled of singular design, there is plenty of land speed competition to be had in various classes for competitors fielding their own entries. There are vintage classes for older technology engines, still popular from the dawn of hotrodding, like Ford Flathead V8s and other contemporary motors. There are also classes split by engine displacement, number of cylinders, aerodynamic modifications, or the type of fuel used.

Racers often pick a record or set of records they wish to beat - for example, wanting to set the the fastest speed for a gasoline-powered, naturally-aspirated four cylinder - and build their car to that end. Alternatively, a racer might build a car with a large V8 engine, for example, to compete in one class, and then disable several cylinders on a later run to try and snatch records in lower classes as well.

Events are often run on salt flats that have suitable space for cars to reach their top speed and still have a suitable runoff area, such as Bonneville's famous Speed Week event. Tracks are usually on the order of five to eight miles long, with several miles used for slowing down at the end of a run. Competitors are usually timed over several mile-long sections to determine the speed figure for record purposes. Alternatively, smaller events are run on long runways or stretches of road, like the Texas Mile. In these events, competitors aim to maximise their top speed at the end of a mile from a standing start, with a suitable runoff area in which to slow down afterwards.

The Engine

It goes without saying that if you want to increase your top speed, more power is a great way to go about it. As with any build, the options available are endless, constrained only by your budget and the class rules within which you wish to compete. If you're looking to go the naturally aspirated route, you'll likely start with intake and exhaust mods. From there, cams and heads are the natural progression, before you get into the realms of a fully built engine with high-compression internals and a rev limit as high as the moon. If you want to add bulk power without so much hassle, however, you might find that forced induction is more your speed. A supercharger is typically a much easier install, but turbos can be cheaper and easier if you're aiming for big gains.

Land speed racing has also long been a hot bed for wilder ideas around performance. Without concerns about long-term reliability, cornering prowess, excess weight, or quick acceleration, all manner of oddball concepts that are impractical in other motorsports suddenly have some merit. Nitrous oxide is par for the course, being a cheap way to add serious power to a motor. But the sky is the limit - multiple-engine designs are common, and all manner of weird fuels are too. If you can build it, and have it hang together for a few miles of continuous wide-open-throttle, there's likely a class for you to compete in.

Aero

The famous Roadkill Camaro built for land speed racing. Note the rake, front bumper design and engine cowling - all done to reduce drag on the vehicle. Source: Hot Rod

Aerodynamics is key to success in land speed racing. However, unlike track disciplines, which focus heavily on downforce, land speed racing is concerned most of all with drag. After all, assuming a vehicle is not limited by gearing, top speed is reached when the propulsive force generated by the engine is equal to the forces trying to slow the car down - like rolling resistance and of course, aerodynamic drag.

At highway speeds and above, aerodynamic drag dominates these forces. Thus, reducing aerodynamic drag increases top speed, and often significantly. The power needed to overcome drag is proportional to the cube of speed, so for double the speed, eight times as much power is needed. Thus, small reductions in drag can have major benefits.

At the mild level for competitors with street cars, taping up panel gaps and blocking out parts of a car's radiator can help reduce drag by a few percent - useful if you're close to breaking a record but haven't quite got there yet. Other simple mods involve changing ride height to reduce the car's profile, and adding rake - a slope front-to-rear - can help and also add stability at higher speeds. Pulling off extraneous protrusions like side mirrors and indicators can help, too.

One of the more famous belly tankers ever built, this one constructed by Bill Burke from a drop tank originally designed for the P-38 fighter. Source: Silodrome

Further modifications involve custom bodywork, often homebrewed in wood, fiberglass, or metal, to smooth the car's lines and reduce that drag coefficient ever lower to make the most out of every available horsepower on tap. Custom bonnets, cowlings and boattails can all make a difference and help clinch a record. Even if such additions are heavy and cumbersome, weight only really matters for acceleration, not final speed. For land speed courses that are many miles long, slower acceleration isn't a problem - so the gains to top speed are all that matters.

At the extreme end, the pursuit of lower drag ends up with custom built streamliners. Some of the most well known are the belly-tank racers, built out of ex-military drop tanks from World War II aircraft in the mid-20th century. These had the benefit of already being designed for minimum drag, and were cut up and fitted with engines and drivetrains to compete out on the salt. However, many different designs exist, with their constructions spanning everything from home-built tube framed racers to heavily-sponsored all-composite designs. In these builds, drivers often lay supine or prone to minimise frontal area, while streamlined bodywork helps minimise the coefficient of drag as well. Building one of these machines is no mean feat, but a challenge relished by the dedicated competitors of the land speed set.

Other Considerations

The top gear you need at speed might stall out your motor if you're starting from a dead stop. Thus many competitors at the higher levels also bring a pickup truck outfitted with tyres or rubber bumpers on the front. This is known as a push truck , and they're used to literally push the land speed vehicle up to speed at the start of a run to get them going. It's unlikely you'll need one when you're starting out, but it's something to consider down the road if you're undertaking an advanced streamliner build with exceptionally long gears.

Push trucks don't have to be anything special, but play an important role out on the salt. Source: Hot Rod

It goes without saying, but safety is a big deal in land speed racing, as it is in all motorsports. However, land speed events pose unique challenges. Often run in far-flung locations, medical facilities can be a long ride away, and the high speeds involved mean that even a minor mechanical failure can turn to disaster in the blink of an eye. Thus, the organisations that run such events take safety very seriously.

Lower-tier street car classes may only require minor levels of personal protective gear, such as race suits and helmets, depending on the venue and organisation. However, those competing at higher speeds may require a more advanced setup like HANS devices, harnesses, and roll cages. Active safety gear, such as fire extinguishers or even automatic suppression systems, are common requirements. Parachutes may even be required, to help slow cars safely rather than relying solely on brakes. It pays to follow the safety regulations to the letter, both so one can live on to contest future events, and to avoid the disappointment of not competing due to failing scrutineering. The volunteers who run these safety checks are to be respected - they're looking out for everyone at the end of the day!

Land speed racing is one of the purest motorsport pursuits out there, focusing on maximising just one number above all others. Diehard adherents have an almost religious fervor, heading out to the hallowed salt to worship at the altar of speed. It's worth making a trip as a spectator just to see what all the fuss is about - and you may just find yourself with a new addiction!

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