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The Perpetual Virginity of Mary

This is a Christian doctrine that Jesus’ mom, Mary, was a virgin before, during, & after Jesus’ birth.

In Western Christianity, Catholics, many Anglicans, some Lutherans, Reformed, & other Protestant sects believe in this doctrine. It’s 1 of the 4 Marian dogmas of the Catholic Church. In Eastern Christianity, the Oriental Orthodox Churches & the Church of the East both follow this doctrine. Eastern Orthodox churches recognize Mary as Aeiparthenos, meaning “ever-virgin.”

The surviving written tradition of the perpetual virginity of Mary 1st appears in a 2nd century text called the Protoevangelium of James. The Second Council of Constantinople in 533 gave her the title of “Aeiparthenos.”

At the Lateran Synod of 649, Pope Martin I emphasized the 3-fold character of the perpetual virginity, before, during, & after the birth of Jesus.

The Lutheran Smalcald Articles (1537) & the Reformed Second Helvetic Confession (1562) codified the doctrine of perpetual virginity of Mary as well.

The doctrine of Mary’s perpetual virginity has been challenged on the basis that the New Testament doesn’t say that Joseph had adult spicy adult time with Mary until AFTER the birth of Jesus. It mentions that Jesus had brothers (adolphoi).
The brothers (& sisters for that matter) are the basis for contention because they may have been:

• Sons of Mary & Joseph, born AFTER Jesus (making Jesus the 1st born son, which is a HUGE deal in that time period).
• The sons of Joseph from a previous marriage. Joseph was married before Mary came into the picture, but it’s theorized that Joseph’s 1st wife passed away. Thus making way for Mary to be these kids’ stepmom. Jesus would be Mary’s 1st born son.
• The sons of another woman named Mary in Mark 15:40, whose been identified as the wife of Clopas & the sister of the Virgin Mary, or a sister-in-law to Joseph.

The infancy narratives in Matthew & Luke show Mary as a virgin at the time she conceives Jesus. A conception that doesn’t involve sexual relations with a man. But this fact by itself doesn’t require the further claims that she remained a virgin in childbirth or afterward.

Only in later doctrinal reflection do Christians explicitly describe Mary as a virgin before, during, & after Jesus’ birth. The Protevangelium of James provides the earliest surviving text that clearly supports this view.

The Gospel of James states that Mary remained a lifelong virgin. Because Joseph was an old man who married her without physical desire (Sure guys, sure.). The brothers of Jesus mentioned in the canonical Gospels are explained, again, as Joseph’s sons from a previous marriage.

The Second Apocalypse of James portrays James (James the Just or James, brother of Jesus) as the canonical bio brother of Jesus. Not as a kid of Joseph’s. But of a certain “Theudas,” who was a relative of Jesus.

The 8th book of the Christian Sibylline Oracles (circa late 2nd or early 3rd centuries) describes Mary as “always virgin” & that she received God in her “intact bosom.” (Umm…not to be disrespectful but did we miss that day in human biology class?)

The Ebionites denied the virgin birth & Mary perpetual virginity.

The Protestant Reformation saw a rejection of the special moral status of lifelong celibacy. As a result, marriage & parenthood were praised. Mary & Joseph were seen as a normal married couple.

Mary’s perpetual virginity was upheld by Martin Luther (who named her “ever-virgin” in the Smalcald Articles, a Lutheran confession of faith written in 1537), Huldrych Zwingli, John Wycliffe, & later Protestant leaders, including John Wesley (co-founder of Methodism).

In Evangelical Lutheranism, the Formula of Concord upholds the perpetual virginity of Mary. This is in addition to the Smalcald Articles.

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Fifty-Nine on Pentecost: Fire, Bridges, and a Heart Still Being Warmed

A Birthday Reflection — May 24, 2026

Today, I turn fifty-nine.

There is something strange about writing that number. Fifty-nine is not yet sixty, but it stands close enough to feel the gravity of that approaching threshold. It is a year poised at the edge of another decade, a number that invites a certain kind of honesty. Not the dramatic honesty that pretends everything has suddenly come into focus, but the quieter honesty of looking back over the terrain I have actually traveled: the things that have blossomed, the things that have hurt, the things still unfinished, and the signs of grace that keep appearing in the undergrowth.

I would like to say that I arrive at this birthday strong and full of energy, ready to gather every creative seed scattered through my life and bring it all into harvest. But that is not entirely true.

I have not been feeling well physically. My body has been reminding me that I am not simply a mind imagining world, a spirit dreaming visions, a pastor speaking words, or an artist shaping beauty. I am a body too—a body that tires, aches, worries, and longs to be well.

There is a particular sorrow in having so much one still wants to do while feeling uncertain about one’s strength to do it. There are stories pressing at the edges of my mind. There are songs waiting for breath. There are images, games, reflections, ministries, strange and beautiful worlds, and ideas of reconciliation and peace that I still want to offer. So much creative life has been stirring. So many sparks have appeared.

And alongside those sparks has been the quiet prayer:

Please, God, let me be well enough to tend the fire.

Perhaps that is why the date of this birthday feels especially meaningful.

Today, my birthday falls on Pentecost Sunday.

Pentecost is the day when frightened and uncertain disciples, people who had already known grief, bewilderment, failure, and hope beyond explanation, were gathered in one place. They were not standing at the height of their strength. They were waiting. They were living between what had been promised and what they could not yet see.

And into that waiting came breath and flame.

The Spirit descended. Words awakened. The scattered were gathered. The fearful found their voices.

I have often thought of creativity as something like that: a rushing wind through a room that has gone still; a flame resting upon an ordinary head; a language arriving that I did not fully know I knew. A story comes. A song arrives. An image forms. An idea for peacebuilding, a game, a sermon, a strange new country of the imagination appears as though someone has opened a window in a room that had grown close and airless.

Over this past year, windows have opened.

PeaceGrooves has continued to become more than an idea. It has become a gathering place for the things I most deeply care about: peace, creativity, imagination, justice, story, music, and the hope that human beings can learn to live differently with one another. I have imagined games that refuse the old assumption that conflict must end in domination. I have thought about creative peacebuilding not merely as an interesting phrase but as a calling: the possibility that art and story and play may become instruments of reconciliation.

I have continued to write strange, shadowed, luminous stories—stories emerging from history, disaster, forgotten figures, mystical places, wounded worlds, and the possibility that even within darkness there may yet be a voice calling toward mercy. I have made images and songs. I have watched one idea open into another and then another, like doors in an old house I did not know was so large.

And all the while I have continued to minister: to preach, to walk with people, to seek the goodness of God in the land of the living. I have continued to believe that reconciliation is not a decorative word for the church, but part of the very shape of the gospel: enemies becoming neighbors, strangers becoming companions, wounds becoming places where healing may begin.

Yet I can not pretend that this year has been only creative exhilaration.

There has also been weariness. There has been discouragement. There has been the familiar ache of wondering whether what I create will ever find the audience I hope for, whether the songs and stories and visions will reach beyond the small circle in which they first come to life. There has been the weight of inhabiting a body that does not always feel cooperative. There has been the fear that perhaps my energy will diminish before the fullest flowering of my gifts.

But Pentecost does not come only to the vigorous.

The Spirit does not descend only upon those who are untroubled, healthy, young, successful, or certain. The wind blows through closed rooms. The fire rests upon waiting people. The gift is not that the disciples suddenly become invulnerable; it is that they become alive with a life greater than their fear.

Today also carries another spiritual memory. On May 24, 1738, John Wesley went reluctantly to a meeting on Aldersgate Street. Reluctantly—that word matters to me. He was not triumphantly marching toward a spiritual experience. He went while troubled, still searching, still uncertain. And there, while hearing words about grace, he wrote that he felt his heart “strangely warmed.”

I find myself less interested now in a faith that demands I always appear strong and more drawn to the quiet mystery of a heart that can still be warmed.

At fifty-nine, I do not need to have everything solved. I do not need to prove that every dream has succeeded. I do not need to deny that I am tired or that I long for healing. Perhaps the deeper prayer is that my heart would remain warm: warm toward God, warm toward my wife, warm toward the people I serve, warm toward beauty, warm toward the wounds of the world, warm even toward my own imperfect and unfinished self.

It is possible for a person to grow cold over the years. Disappointment can do that. Illness can do that. Rejection can do that. The constant awareness of limits can make the spirit draw inward and protect itself.

But I do not want to live cold.

I would rather remain tender, even when tenderness hurts. I would rather keep imagining peace in a violent world. I would rather keep writing songs in a world of noise. I would rather keep dreaming of bridges while so many others are building walls.

For May 24 is also a day of bridges.

On this date in 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge opened after years of labor, loss, pain, and perseverance. Washington Roebling, who oversaw its construction, became physically incapacitated during the work, and the project continued in significant measure through the indispensable work of his wife, Emily. A bridge connecting divided shores came into being through vulnerability, endurance, and partnership.

That image speaks to me.

Perhaps a life is not measured only by towers raised or destinations reached. Perhaps it is also measured by the bridges one has helped build: between people, between faith and imagination, between sorrow and hope, between church and world, between creativity and reconciliation, between the person I once was and the person I am still becoming.

I do not know all the bridges my life may yet build. I know only that I want my remaining years to matter in that way. I want my ministry to help people cross from fear into love. I want my art to help people cross from numbness into wonder. I want PeaceGrooves to help people imagine forms of community, play, and storytelling that do not require enemies to be destroyed. I want my life to say, however imperfectly, that another way is possible.

On May 24, 1844, Samuel Morse sent the first long-distance telegraph message:

“What hath God wrought.”

It is a phrase of astonishment. A phrase for standing before something new and scarcely believable. A phrase that looks backward and forward at the same time: marveling at what has come to be while wondering what it may make possible.

Today, on my fifty-ninth birthday, I find myself asking that question of my own life.

What has God wrought in fifty-nine years?

Not perfection.

Not a life without sorrow.

Not a straight line of accomplishment.

Not a body untouched by weakness or a soul untouched by struggle.

But there is love. There is a marriage and a shared ministry. There are songs. There are stories. There are carved and painted and imagined things. There are sermons preached and people accompanied. There is the stubborn conviction that peace is not naïve, that reconciliation is not weakness, that the imagination may yet become an instrument of healing.

There is joy that has somehow continued to rise through weariness.

There is beauty I have been permitted not only to see but sometimes to make.

And there is still more waiting.

Bob Dylan, born on May 24, shares this birthday. He is another reminder that creativity needs not stop at the borders of age. It may deepen. It may shift. It may become more weathered, more honest, and more necessary. Songs do not cease simply because the singer has traveled a long road. Sometimes, the road itself gives the song its voice.

I do not want this coming year merely to be a holding pattern before sixty.

I want it to be a living year.

I want health—not simply because I want relief, though I do; not simply because I want freedom from worry, though I do—but because I love this world and still want to participate in it. I want strength to preach and minister. I want strength to make music. I want strength to create strange and beautiful stories. I want strength to love my wife well, to be present to people, to follow the paths opening before me.

I want to be able to receive each day not merely as something to endure but as something in which grace may still take shape.

Yet even here I must be gentle with myself.

My worth does not depend upon how much I produce. My life is not validated only by completed books, successful songs, public recognition, flourishing projects, or the ability to do everything my imagination desires. Before I make anything, before I accomplish anything, before I am strong enough to do all I hope to do, I am loved.

Perhaps that is the warmth I need most.

At fifty-nine, standing in the firelight of Pentecost, I pray for the Spirit once again—not as spectacle, not as spiritual achievement, but as breath.

Breath for a tired body.

Fire for a creative heart.

Courage for a minister of reconciliation.

Comfort for the places in me that are afraid.

Patience for what is not yet finished.

Joy is not dependent upon perfect circumstances.

Healing, as healing may come.

And above all, the assurance that I remain held within the goodness of God.

Today, I am fifty-nine years old.

I do not know what this year will bring. I do not know what my body will require of me, or what new stories will be born, or what doors may open or close. But I know what I hope for.

I hope to remain awake.

I hope to remain tender.

I hope to remain creative.

I hope to keep making peace.

I hope to keep crossing bridges and building them for others.

I hope my heart is still capable of being strangely warmed.

And on this birthday of wind and fire, of messages carried across distance, of bridges spanning divided shores, of songs still being sung, I offer my unfinished life once more to the One who breathes over creation and says, even now, that it is good.

Come, Holy Spirit.
Breathe upon what is weary in me.
Warm what has grown discouraged.
Heal what is hurting.
Kindle, what is waiting.
And grant that the year ahead may become,
in ways I can not yet imagine,
another answer to the question:

What hath God wrought?

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