Today in Labor History June 6, 1966: Scientists filled light bulbs with Bacillus globigii bacteria and then smashed them open on the tracks of the New York City subway system. The bacteria travelled for miles around the subway system, being breathed in by thousands of civilians and covering their clothes. By June 10, 1 million New Yorkers had been exposed. This was just one of many biological and chemical warfare experiments carried out on US civilians. Of course there were thousands of U.S. soldiers, prisoners, civilians, and Indigenous people exposed deliberately and/or accidentally to radiation during its nuclear weapons tests and unwittingly exposed to powerful psychedelic drugs as a part of the MKULTRA program.
The U.S. biological testing program officially began in 1943, with the establishment of the U.S. Army Biological Warfare Laboratories at Camp Detrick (now Fort Detrick) in Frederick, Maryland. The government began stockpiling Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), Francisella tularensis (tularemia), Brucella spp (brucellosis), Coxiella burnetii (Q-fever), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Botulinum toxin (botulism), and Staphylococcal enterotoxin B. However, the government had tested ricin during World War I.
In 1950, the US Navy carried out Operation Sea-Spray off the coast of San Francisco, spraying two types of bacteria, Bacillus globigii and Serratia marcesens into the air. 11 people were admitted to hospitals with serious bacterial infections after the San Francisco test. Nearly every one of the city’s inhabitants had been exposed. One of them died. In 1951, tests were carried out at the Norfolk Naval Supply Center in Virginia in which fungal spores were dispersed on the mostly African-American workforce to test the racist theory that black people were more susceptible to fungal disease than Caucasians. Also in the 1950s, Zinc cadmium sulphide was dispersed by plane and sprayed over a number of cities, including St Louis and Minneapolis. Also in the 1950s, several journalists were tried for sedition for reporting that the U.S. had used biological weapons during the Korean War. Operation Whitecoat (1954-1973) exposed volunteer Seventh Day Adventists to tularaemia.
Open-air testing continued through the 1960s, with. In 1965 they spread bacteria throughout Washington’s National Airport and the New York’s subway test in 1966. President Nixon supposedly brought an end to the United States offensive biological weapons program in 1969. Biological weapons are banned under the Geneva Protocols of 1925, which the U.S. refused to ratify until 1975, the same year it ratified the Biological Weapons Convention.
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