單系性不是最高明的做法,只是目前最有秩序的,且在新證據出現時所需作出的更動較少。比如我們很確定輻鰭魚和軟骨魚都是獨立的演化支,只需要修改高位節點的學名。意思是魚這個大抽屜很爛,但小抽屜內還算有序,且你可以自行編排抽屜的順序還有他們要不要被叫做魚。(姑且不談林奈系統面對微生物的無能
所以近代對分類架構的爭議,有時是唯名論和唯實論的衝突。前者認為只有個體本身才是真實存在,學名被視為可應用的人為解釋,只是好用的抽屜標籤與架子,和流水號沒有差別。後者認為抽屜和架子就是真實存在的秩序,所以不斷修補整個架構是追求真理的必要之舉。當代學界同意系統的人為與局限性,也不時調整架構讓他符合新的演化知識與原則。我以前偏向後者,現在偏向前者,覺得學名差不多能用就好,詳細的生態研究去補足學名無法處理的混亂才有意義(畢竟我現在覺得個體也是人為的概念。根據Miller的描述David Jordan的觀點可能和我一樣,之後我會找這本書仔細把它看完。
(大概寫完了 本來還想探討中文部首反應使用者對這某分類群的想像和可能的準則 但發現其實以目前的知識沒什麼可說的
(4

#Nominalism

I am currently viewing “Ontology of the Gene, Information in Biology, Units of Selection” by https://youtube.com/@twohandsphilosophy#.

[ #WatchAlong #LiveTooting ] I will be quoting this Toot with #responses to and #questions about the information presented by the #video.

The description of the video at https://youtu.be/tdtRNff44jY# is as follows (note that hashtags have been included for ease of federated topical searches):

This is Two Hands #Philosophy, in which my friends and I discuss philosophical topics to #learn from each other and from our readings. This #discussion with Rodrigo Vanegas and Theral Timpson considered the following topics and philosophers: the #ontology of the #gene, information in #biology, and units of selection after reading papers by Paul Griffiths, Karola Stotz, Peter Godfrey-Smith, and Elizabeth Lloyd.

Hull, Ruse (2007) The Cambridge Companion to the Philosophy of Biology - https://philpapers.org/rec/HULTCC-2
Griffiths, Stotz (2007) Gene - https://philpapers.org/rec/GRIG
Godfrey-Smith (2007) Information in Biology - https://philpapers.org/rec/GODIIB
Lloyd (2007) Units and Levels of Selection – https://philpapers.org/rec/LLOUAL-2
Thomson (1971) A Defense of Abortion – https://philpapers.org/rec/THOADO-2, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Defense_of_Abortion
Pande (2018) How to Engineer Biology – https://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/observations/how-to-engineer-biology
Timpson (2024) The Gene and The Podcast - https://www.fivewiththeral.com/p/the-gene-and-the-podcast-interview
Mendelspod – https://www.mendelspod.com
Information – https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/information
Biological Information – https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/information-biological
#Reductionism in Biology – https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reduction-biology
#Nominalismhttps://plato.stanford.edu/entries/nominalism-metaphysics
#Mechanismhttps://plato.stanford.edu/entries/science-mechanisms
Beauty - https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/beauty
#Dawkins (1976) The Selfish Gene – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Selfish_Gene
Dennett, Daniel – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett
Dupré – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dupr%C3%A9
Bacon, Francis – https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/francis-bacon
Popper, Karl – https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/popper
Scruton, Roger - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Scruton

Before you continue to YouTube

David Albert - What Exists?

YouTube

Twitter censorship is still alive.
[Update 23 April 2023: It looks like the ban was revoked].

I wrote a long thread on Nominal and Natural Kinds, which are concepts developed by Saul Kripke around 1970. Kripke revolutionised Modal Logic at the age of 17 in 1957, providing completeness proofs making modal logic as sound as the first-order logic developed by Bertrand Russell with Principia Mathematica in 1910. Until then, analytic philosophers had followed Russell in thinking that modal logic was mythical talk.

How could this lead to censorship? The thread started when I heard a discussion on the Russian Philosopher Dugin, where his translator explained how Dugin drew a link from Occam's Nominalism to #Liberalism, the #trans debate and the current #geopolitical situation. That seemed a bit of a stretch, but it had the advantage of getting me interested in #Nominalism.

Dugin is known as Putin’s philosopher, and the trans debate is a controversial topic. Could it explain the #censorship?
Yet having porn, violence, and other crazy stuff available to all has never bothered Twitter. Could it be that analytic philosophy is just too explosive, too revolutionary?

There is only one lonely tweet at the end of that thread which remains visible. I was just quoting Steven Pinker on how philosophers like to question anything, from God to causation... Pinker was quoting a blog post by another MIT professor titled "Philosophy's No-Go-Zone". What could that be?

You can check it out here: https://twitter.com/bblfish/status/1648738158438121472

If you follow me on #Twitter, I think you will see the full content. But if you don't follow me, then you will see what is shown in the picture below, and you none of my Tweets using the search box!

The 🐠 BblFish on Twitter

“Very rich article on the issue of this thread by @byrne_a which Stephen Pinker neatly introduces below. Two points this thread brings in addition: Kripkean Nominal and Natural kinds which I got from a presentation of Dugin in the thread above☝️ https://t.co/7RQd1tnnEd”

Twitter

@Sylvain_julien

#Iconism is a degenerate species of #Nominalism.

The #Realism of #Mathematics requires the more generous genus of #Symbolism.

@gregeganSF #TIYBON

This Is Your Brain On #Nominalism

As a #philkdickian #goy (a nation, i.e. of that nation), and therefore a #nominalism nominalist (read his essays), I stand where I stand; I can do no other.

#ZerothLawOfSemiotics • Discussion 3.1
https://inquiryintoinquiry.com/2022/12/14/zeroth-law-of-semiotics-discussion-3/

#Russell had no #PragmaticSemiotics so his perspective on signs and #SignRelations was mired in #Syntacticism, a species of #Nominalism. #Peirce's POV leads us to ask, what could it possibly mean for a sign to refer to itself? Indeed, do signs refer to themselves at all, or is it only that #Interpreters refer signs to their objects? The whole problem looks very different once we take that point of view.

#Logic #AllLiarNoParadox

Zeroth Law Of Semiotics • Discussion 3

Inquiry Into Inquiry

#TodaysAcronym#TIYBON

This Is Your Brain On #Nominalism

@Joel oh idk, I kinda like writing footnotes. I don’t think four is enough in this sentence, do you? #Wittgenstein #PhilosophyOfMathematics #Nominalism