David A Kessler:

I have been monitoring the spread of #bird #flu, also known as #H5N1,
and discussing the situation with colleagues around the country.

My concern is growing.

So far, there have been no reports of person-to-person spread of H5N1, though there have been 💥at least 55 confirmed cases of bird flu in humans in the United States,
almost entirely among poultry and dairy workers.

Those infections are presumed to be primarily the result of contact with animals.

In addition, a child in Alameda County in California with minor respiratory symptoms tested positive for H5N1 recently;

it is unclear how the child became infected.
There are likely other cases out there that are not being diagnosed.

All of those cases have been mild.

⚠️But a teenager in British Columbia who was infected with the virus is now critically ill.
In this instance, too, it is unclear how the teenager became infected.

But the virus showed signs that it had mutated in a way that could make it easier to transmit to another person.

If this is the case, the virus might then get enough of a foothold to begin human-to-human transmission.

Further mutations could evolve that would enhance attachment to human cells.

Until the British Columbia case, the recent bird flu infections in humans in North America had been limited to the eyes and nasal passages.

But H5N1 becomes deadly when the virus attaches to the lining of the lungs in the lower respiratory tract.

This virus has killed before.
⭐️In 1997, an outbreak of H5N1 in poultry in Hong Kong resulted in 18 animal-to-human infections and six deaths,
the first known fatal human infections.

Then, in 2003, H5N1 appeared in wild birds in Asia.

Outbreaks followed in poultry and resulted in two deaths in people.

🔥As outbreaks continued to occur, the mortality rate surpassed 50 percent.

Here is where matters stand:

The most recent risk assessment from the Johns Hopkins Center for Outbreak Response Innovation, issued on Nov. 19,
listed the risk of infection to farm workers as high,

and the risk of infection to people in contact with affected farm workers and animals as moderate.

The Hopkins report said that “while the immediate risk to the general public and health care workers is still currently low,
the long-term consequences of continued,
uncontrolled transmissions presents a high risk to all populations.”

California has recently seen a significant rise in detections of H5N1 in dairy herds.

🆘Experts believe that animals at as many as half the dairy farms in California are infected.

👉That is why it is important to pasteurize milk,
which kills the virus. (All milk sold across state lines is pasteurized;

30 states allow the in-state sale of nonpasteurized milk, which is labeled “raw.”)

Two states, Colorado and Pennsylvania, have agreed to test pooled milk from all farms before pasteurization to monitor spread.

🔸Bulk milk testing should be mandatory in all states with dairy farms to determine the full extent of the infection on these farms and also allow us to contain the virus.

As if to underline the importance of such a mandate, bird flu was detected in raw milk bought retail last Thursday from a dairy producer based in Fresno, Calif.

♦️Without mandatory testing, bird flu will continue circulating at farms across the country,
which substantially increases the risk that the virus mutates and evolves to allow a human-to-human transmission that will be hard to stop.

♦️H5N1 has already shown a propensity to rapidly infect hundreds of herds and farms in the United States.

Since March, 616 dairy herds in 15 states have been infected with H5N1.

And since the onset of the outbreak in February 2022, H5N1 has been detected in poultry in 49 states, affecting a total of 111 million birds.

There has also been an increase in H5N1 detections in migratory and commercial birds in the European Union, Canada, Japan and South Korea, compared to 2023.

♦️What’s also worrisome is that our arsenal to fight back might not be up to the task.

An analysis by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that a mutation in people in Washington State who work as poultry cullers might ⚠️reduce the effectiveness of oseltamivir,
also known as #Tamiflu, in treating influenza A, a type of flu that includes H5N1 and many other subtypes.

⚠️And a mutation found in a recent California case could potentially reduce the effectiveness of baloxavir marboxil, another drug used to treat influenza A.

In the case of #monoclonal #antibodies for use against the virus,
there are none commercially available at present.

These lab-produced antibodies are designed to mimic the body’s immune response and directly target the virus.

https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/26/opinion/vaccine-bird-flu-pandemic.html?smid=nytcore-ios-share&referringSource=articleShare

A #human #monoclonal #antibody targeting the monomeric #N6 #neuraminidase confers protection against avian #H5N6 #influenza virus infection

Source: Nature Communications, AbstractThe influenza neuraminidase (NA) is a potential target for the development of a next-generation influenza vaccine, but its antigenicity is not well understood. Here, we isolate an anti-N6 human monoclonal antibody, named 18_14D, from an H5N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) infected patient. The…

https://etidioh.wordpress.com/2024/10/15/a-human-monoclonal-antibody-targeting-the-monomeric-n6-neuraminidase-confers-protection-against-avian-h5n6-influenza-virus-infection/

#Analysis of #polyclonal and #monoclonal #antibody to the #influenza virus #nucleoprotein in different oligomeric states, BioRxIV: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.09.12.612748v1

Our analysis suggests that linear NP epitopes paired with their corresponding characterized detection antibodies could aid in designing and improving #diagnostic technologies for influenza virus.

#Identification of #mpox M1R and B6R #monoclonal and bispecific #antibodies that efficiently neutralize authentic mpox virus, Emerg Microbes Infect.: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/22221751.2024.2401931

In vivo pharmacokinetic experiments showed that Bis-M1M3 has a long half-life in rhesus macaques. This study provides crucial insights for further research on -broad-spectrum antiviral drugs against MPXV and other #orthopoxviruses.

Global Monoclonal Antibody Therapy Market Growth Analysis
Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics Market Growth

The global market for monoclonal antibody therapeutics was valued at USD 190,698.3 million in 2024 and is anticipated to experience significant growth, reaching approximately USD 531,314.6 million by 2031. The market is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14.1% from 2024 to 2031.

Read More: https://rb.gy/ncw7od

#marketing #market #monoclonal #therapy

Monoclonal Antibodies

#Ab, #Antibodies, #Hybridoma, #HybridomaTechnique, #Monoclonal, #Spleen #Immunology A single antibody forming cell or clone produces antibodies specifically directed against a single antigen or antigenic determinate only. However,…. Medical Microbiology & Recombinant DNA Technology (RDT) Labs | Read More -

https://micrordt.wordpress.com/2024/04/23/monoclonal-antibodies/

NEW: The FDA has authorized a new monoclonal anitbody, Pemgarda, to protect immunocompromised individuals (like transplant recipients & those with heme malignancies). against Covid-19. Immunocomp individuals have a higher risk of severe outcomes.

https://www.statnews.com/2024/03/22/covid-immunocompromised-antibody-protection-invivyd/
#COVID #COVID19 #monoclonal #medtwitter