Today in Labor History June 6, 1894: Coloradoâs governor sent in the state militia to support the Cripple Creek miners' strike, the only time in history that a state militia was used to help a workersâ struggle, rather than to suppress it. The mine owners were demanding a 10-hour day without an increase in pay. In response, the miners went on strike. There was considerable violence from both sides during the strike, led by the Western Federation of Miners (WFM). On March 16, some miners ambushed, shot and beat some sheriffâs deputies. The judge, a WFM member, let the miners off, but charged the deputies with carrying concealed weapons. Furious, the Sheriff arrested 20 union leaders. Meanwhile, the mine owners conspired to bring in hundreds of scabs and deputized vigilantes. When the new deputies marched on the strikersâ camp, the miners blew up several mine structures, forcing the deputies to flee. The mine owners hired hundreds more vigilantes for their army. When he heard about the size of the miner ownersâ force, the governor declared the deputies illegal and sent in state troops to defend the miners.
On June 5, the day before the state troops arrived, the mine ownersâ army began cutting telegraph lines and arresting and beating reporters and hundreds of town residents, including many who werenât miners. When the state troops arrived, there were already gun battles going on between the vigilante army and the miners. However, the state troops gained control of the town relatively quickly and the mine owners disbanded their army and sent them home. 300 miners were arrested, but only four were convicted. And the populist governor pardoned them all. The WFM won, keeping the 8-hour day and their $3/day wages. And, they were so popular because of their victory, that they easily organized most of the other industries in the region (e.g., waitresses, laundry workers, bartenders, newsboys) into 54 new locals.
The Cripple Creek strike was a prelude for the Colorado Labor Wars (1903-1904), led by future IWW cofounded Big Bill Haywood, and the Colorado Coalfield War (1913-1914), which historian Thomas G. Andrews called the âdeadliest strike in the history of the United Statesâ and which included the Ludlow Massacre. Hundreds were killed in the Coalfield War. During the Labar Wars of 1903-1904, James McParland ran the Pinkerton agency in Denver. He had served as an agent provocateur in the Pennsylvania minersâ union in the 1870s. The state convicted and executed 20 innocent Irish coal miners because of his testimony. (I have depicted that story in my novel, âAnywhere But Schuylkill.â) Like he did in Pennsylvania, McParlan tried to sabotage the WFM by placing spies and agents provocateur within the union.
#workingclass #LaborHistory #mining #colorado #union #strike #solidarity #militia #sabotage #police #policebrutality #EightHourDay #wfm #vigilantes #cripplecreek #pinkertons #fiction #historicalfiction #books #novel #author @bookstadon
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