Measuring Gases Concentration in Chromatograph

While time is the variable used by a chromatograph to discriminate between different species (types) of chemical compounds, the concentration (quantity) of each chemical compound in the sample is inferred from the magnitude of the detector’s response as it senses each compound. Specifically, the quantity of each species present in the sample may be determined by applying the calculus technique of integration to each chromatogram peak, calculating the area underneath each curve. The vertical axis represents detector signal strength, which is proportional to the rate at which detected molecules are flowing through the sensor at any given time. This means

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Difference between Smart Transmitter and Ordinary Transmitter (Old)

Key differences between ordinary transmitter and smart transmitter are Performance, Rangeability, Remote Adjustability, and Reliability.

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4-20 mA Calculations | Industrial Automation Formulas
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4-20 mA Calculations | Industrial Automation Formulas

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What is the Application of Electrical Conductivity Meter?

Electrical Conductivity Meter is a device used to measure the conductivity of metals on-site and in the laboratory.

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4 20 mA Formulas - Electrical & Instrumentation Tutorials
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Torque Tube Level Measurement Principle

The displacer type liquid level measuring instrument is not a float as such, for the displacer is heavier than the  process fluid and the displacer moves very little during changes in tank level (a definite advantage over other float types). According to Archimedes’s law (illustrated in the figure below), the apparent weight of the displacer when immersed in a liquid, is its nominal weight in air minus the weight of the displaced liquid. The weight of the displacer will thus vary linearly from its weight in air (when the tank is empty) to its apparent weight when fully immersed in the

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Smart Transmitters LRV & URV

The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for industrial instrumentation. These devices have built-in diagnostic ability, greater accuracy (due to digital compensation of sensor nonlinearities), and the ability to communicate digitally with host devices for reporting of various parameters. A simplified block diagram of a “smart” pressure transmitter looks something like this: It is important to note all the adjustments within this device, and how this compares to the relative simplicity of an all-analog pressure transmitter: Note how the only calibration adjustments available in the analog transmitter are the “zero” and “span” settings. This is

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PLC Analog Signals: Practice Programming Task for Students
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PLC Analog Signals: Practice Programming Task for Students

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Integrating Processes – Liquid Level Control

A good example of an integrating process is liquid level control, where either the flow rate of liquid into or out of a vessel is constant and the other flow rate varies. If a control valve is opened in a step-change fashion, liquid level in the vessel ramps at a rate proportional to the difference in flow rates in and out of the vessel. The following illustration shows a typical liquid level-control installation, with a process trend showing the level response to a step-change in valve position (with the controller in manual mode, for an “open-loop” test): It is critically

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