Studying Matthew 28 18-20 and Hebrews 10 22-25
This week we are studying one of Jesus’ most famous sayings – “the Great Commission” – along with part of a sentence from Hebrews, plus a couple more, Hebrews 10:22-25. [But we really might want to read that whole sentence, starting with v19.] Some notes on Matthew 28:16-20 are here, from an earlier study; here are a few notes on these verses in Hebrews:
BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT
We know even less about the book of Hebrews than we know about lots of other New Testament documents. We don’t know who wrote it. [Everyone quotes Origin, I think, saying “God alone knows …”] Or when. [The author seems to be living in a world in which there is still a Temple in Jerusalem, though; because if he or she weren’t, he or she probably would have mentioned that. That fact nudges some of us towards thinking “before 70CE.”] Or to whom. [Whomever it was, the author treats them as familiar with the Hebrew Bible, the wilderness narrative, the sacrificial system and its earliest manifestation in the Tabernacle or Tent of Meeting, etc. So that nudges a lot of people towards thinking “not necessarily gentiles.”]
We do know it doesn’t read like a typical “letter,” so it probably isn’t one. It reads more like a sermon, or a lecture.
We know the author mentions trials the recipients are going through, and treats going back to an earlier way of life as an urgent danger for the audience, maybe because of those trials. From that we often conclude that the need to encourage suffering people to hold fast to the faith they have in Jesus is the very reason this document came to be written. Perhaps we are correct in that.
Leander Keck (Renewing New Testament Christology, Fortress Press, 2023) analyzes the distinctive Christology presented in the book of Hebrews. He points out that it presents Jesus, the high priest, who sanctifies his people, as the soteriological figure who corresponds to the human problem posed by human sin, and the death that goes with it, which bars humanity’s contact with God. People’s return pilgrimage to God is made possible by Christ’s high priestly work. But perseverance to the end of that pilgrimage is still required of the people who follow Jesus into the presence of God. We’ll definitely see that Christological message in our verses.
Our verses come about three-fourths of the way through the larger text of the sermon, after the author has contrasted the excellence of Jesus, a son, with the excellence of angels (Jesus is way better), and then the word of God that has come to us through Jesus with the word of God that has come to humanity through angels (again, the one through Jesus is far more compelling, surely), and then the whole apparatus of sacrifices made by priests in the earthly sanctuary for the purification of the people to the once-for-all sacrifice made by Christ, offering his own blood for the removal of sins (there’s an obvious pattern here). The beginning of chapter 10 makes that pattern explicit, and leads in to the exhortation in our text, to make good use of the boldness Christ’s work makes possible, and to hold fast to the faith and the hope that work opens up.
[The obvious pattern also reminds us that whenever we are reading Hebrews, we face the tough challenge of avoiding “replacement theology.” Because the author of Hebrews hasn’t made that easy for us.]
The rest of the book of Hebrews goes on to commend that faith in dramatic terms, listing the heroes of the faith, and invoking the reality of the “great cloud of witnesses” to exhort the hearers to persevere.
Hebrews 10:16-25 is a reading for Good Friday every year, so we might be familiar with this week’s text even if all we know is the lectionary.
CLOSER READING
In English, “we should approach” would make a good beginning to a sentence. Normally, in a presumably transitive construction like this, the next phrase would tell us what we should approach, like maybe “God” or “Jesus” or “one another.”
V22 begins precisely this way: “we should approach.” Those words are not, however, the beginning of the sentence. All of vv19-21 constitutes the beginning. Those verses give the reasoning behind why “we” can and should approach, and at least implicitly naming the “what” that “we” are approaching.
The “we” who is doing the approaching, by the way, seems to mean the author plus the brothers (v19) to whom the author is addressing the sermon.
We can approach because we are having boldness [NRSV reads “confidence”], a boldness that leads us into the entrance of the Holies or the holy things (v19). The holy things – analogous to the inner space of the sanctuary the author has just described, that lay behind the veil of the sanctuary – are themselves near God, an emblem of the very presence of God.
The boldness is something we have in the blood of Jesus. This has opened a way, newly-made and living into this inner sanctum.
There is a translation issue in v20 that hinges on grammar. We can read “(that is, his flesh)” as telling us about the veil through which the blood of Jesus has opened up a way; alternatively, this could be telling us about the way Jesus has made through that veil. The NRSV’s reading seems to lean towards making the phrase “that is …” describe the veil. It’s more consistent with the substance of the passage, however, and just as defensible grammatically, to think the author means “his flesh” is “the new and living way” through the veil that [used to] separate us from the presence of God.
[In other words, I’d read v20 into English more like this: “by the new and living way that he opened for us through the curtain, that is, the way of his flesh …”]
Then, in v22, we get to the approach, which we should do with a true/sincere heart, in full assurance/conviction of faith. Those hearts will have been sprinkled clean from an evil conscience, and the body that houses them washed in pure water. That sounds a lot like baptism.
We should also hold fast the confession – literally, the common word or common statement – of hope, unwavering. We can do this because faithful is the one having promised the new and living way we are relying on.
Moreover, in v24, we should consider one another – specifically, towards the end of a provocation (literally, “paroxysm”) of love and of good/beautiful works. We outselves would probably use the language of “spurring one another on,” which relies on a similar image of poking someone with something sharp to incite some action.
In the process of this considering and provoking, we ought not to be forsaking / abandoning our assembling together – which, perhaps not at all coincidentally, uses the word for assembling that gives us our word “synagogue.” Whether the custom some have is the custom of assembling, or of forsaking the assembling, is not entirely clear.
What is clear is that “we” should rather be encouraging the assembling, all the more as you-all see the day drawing near. “The day” might be the day earmarked for the assembly. That would imply that we’d do even more encouraging on a Thursday or Friday than on a Monday. Alternatively, it might be “the day of the Lord,” in which case our encouragement and invitation would take on added urgency along with our sense that time is short.
All in all, the author is urging active engagement: we should be following Jesus Christ into the presence of God, which takes the bold confidence of faith, which in turn will be supported by the worshipful assembly of believers which we should be participating in, and urging “one another” to participate in along with us.
Some questions on the two texts are here.
Image: Angels and Jesus Christ, Church of the Dormition of the Theotokos at Kondorpoga, 17-18 century icon painter, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons
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